Tag: Actualitatea-Romaneasca

  • Radio Free Europe: „Rumänische Aktualität“ als Gegenspieler zur kommunistischen Propaganda

    Radio Free Europe: „Rumänische Aktualität“ als Gegenspieler zur kommunistischen Propaganda

    Während des Kalten Kriegs war Radio Freies Europa ein wichtiges Instrument, um Rundfunkhörer im Herrschaftsbereich der Sowjetunion mit Informationen aus dem Westen zu versorgen. Im Rumänien der 1970er und 1980er Jahre war der Sender Radio Freies Europa eine der wenigen glaubhaften Verbindungen zur freien westlichen Welt, eine Unterstützung für Millionen freiheitsliebende Rumänen, die unter dem Druck des kommunistischen Regimes litten. Noël Bernard, Vlad Georgescu, Mircea Carp, Neculai Constantin Munteanu, Raluca Petrulian, Doina Alexandru sind nur einige Journalisten, mit denen Millionen rumänische Hörer sich eng verbunden fühlten, weil diese Rundfunkredakteure im Namen aller Rumänen die Wahrheit verbreiteten.



    Seit den 1950er Jahren steht der Sender Radio Freies Europa zusammen mit Voice of America, BBC, Radio France und Deutsche Welle für freie Presse auf Rumänisch. Vor allem der Sender Freies Europa Europa übte die härteste Kritik an dem von Nicolae Ceauşescu geführten kommunistischen Regime. Der neue Trend zu einem aggressiveren Radio Freies Europa, der die kommunistische Diktatur heftig kritisierte, war nach 1977 zwei hochkarätigen Journalisten zu verdanken. Das waren Noëll Bernard, der Direktor der rumänischen Redaktion, und Mircea Carp, der die Sendungen erneuerte und mit Energie auflud. Mircea Carp kam vom Radiosender Voice of America und war derjenige, der es schaffte, den Sender Radio Freies Europa nach amerikanischem Vorbild neu zu gestalten, mit kürzeren Rubriken, zwischen 4 und 6 Minuten, die mehrere verschiedenen Themen behandelten. Die Programme mit starkem Impakt wurden zum Markenzeichen des Senders Radio Freies Europa. Die wichtigsten Programme waren Das politische Programm“, das täglich zwischen 18.10 Uhr und 19.00 Uhr ausgestrahlt wurde, und insbesondere Rumänische Aktualität“ und Aus der kommunistischen Welt“, täglich zwischen 19.10 Uhr und 20.00 Uhr.



    1977 durfte der rumänische Journalist Neculai Constantin Munteanu in die Bundesrepublik Deutschland auswandern, nachdem er sich mit der Dissidenten-Bewegung des rumänischen Schriftstellers Paul Goma zur Anklage von Menschenrechtsverletzungen durch das Bukarester Regime solidarisch gezeigt hatte. In Rumänien war Neculai Constantin Munteanu Filmkritiker beim Kinomagazin Cinema“ gewesen; in Deutschland schloss er sich 1980 dem Team von Radio Freies Europa an und arbeitete in der Redaktion von Rumänische Aktualität“. 1999 sprach Neculai Constantin Munteanu darüber in einem Interview mit dem Zentrum für Mündliche Geschichte des Rumänischen Rundfunks:



    Ich war im Büro von Emil Georgescu, dem Redakteur von »Rumänische Aktualität«, der zwei Monate lang irgendwo in den Vereinigten Staaten einen Englischkurs besuchte. Für diese Position war ich 1980 dorthin gekommen. Man zeigte mir einen gro‎ßen Tisch, auf dem mehrere Stapel rumänischer Zeitungen lagen, fast die gesamte Tagespresse und einen Teil der wöchentlichen Zeitschriften aus Rumänien. Ich fing an, sie zu lesen. Ich hatte die rumänische Parteizeitung »Scânteia« bereits in Frankfurt gelesen — sooft ich sie kaufen konnte, denn ich konnte die »Scânteia« nicht jeden Tag kaufen. Mir durstete nach Pressemeldungen, drei Tage lang las ich die rumänischen Zeitungen und nach drei Tagen verfasste ich einen ersten Kommentar, basierend auf dem, was ich gelesen hatte. Das geschah also am 23. und 24. Mai 1980, und seitdem habe ich nie aufgehört, bei »Rumänische Aktualität« zu arbeiten. Es ging so weiter bis Ende 1994, als ich freiwillig gegangen bin.“




    N. C. Munteanus Presseerfahrung sollte ihm in seinem neuen Job von gro‎ßem Nutzen sein. Der Erfolg des Projekts Rumänische Aktualität“ war auch der guten Zusammenarbeit in der Redaktion zu verdanken, wo die Neueinsteiger höchst willkommen und gut integriert waren. Neculai Constantin Munteanu:



    Später, nach den ersten zwei Probemonaten, kam der Chefredakteur Emil Georgescu aus den USA zurück. Er war ein sehr guter Rundfunkjournalist, obwohl er nie Journalismus studiert hatte. Er hatte Jura studiert und praktiziert, er war Rechtsanwalt, ein exzellenter Redner, eine gewaltige Präsenz am Mikrofon und er war auch sehr gut informiert. Er kannte viele Menschen, er kannte auch alle Unterströmungen und Mechanismen des Kommunismus, vor allem die überall verbreitete Korruption im kommunistischen System. Er war ein starker Rundfunkredakteur und Sprecher und bei Radio Freies Europa hatte er seine Fähigkeiten auf Perfektion gebracht. Wenn er »Guten Abend!« sagte, hatte man den Eindruck, der Kommunismus sei auch für einen nicht guten Abend verantwortlich. Emil Georgescu war ein au‎ßergewöhnliches Talent und verfügte über sehr gute Informationsquellen. Ich habe mich mit ihm ziemlich gut verstanden. Er nahm seine Position als Leiter, Moderator und Gestalter der Sendung wieder ein. Ich wurde dann Kommentator, Reporter, was man gerade brauchte, und von Montag bis einschlie‎ßlich Donnerstag musste ich täglich einen Beitrag von etwa 8 Minuten verfassen, das waren etwa 4 getippte Seiten. Am Freitag hatten wir die Kultursendung aus Paris, die aber von Emil Georgescu präsentiert wurde.“




    Der enorme Erfolg der Sendung Rumänische Aktualität“ kam vor allem von den exakten Informationen, die ausgestrahlt wurden. Neculai Constantin Munteanu enthüllte die Geheimnisse der Arbeit in der Redaktion von Rumänische Aktualität“



    Wir alle von der Sendung »Rumänische Aktualität«, aber auch die Kollegen von den anderen Sendungen, begannen den Tag, indem wir alle Nachrichten lasen, die in der Nacht oder in den letzten 24 Stunden von den gro‎ßen Nachrichtenagenturen gekommen waren. Die Nachrichten erhielten wir von einem zentralen Dienst und wir lasen auch Artikeln in den wichtigsten deutschen europäischen und amerikanischen Zeitungen. Für »Rumänische Aktualität« kam der Gro‎ßteil der Informationen aus erster Hand von Radio Bukarest, und ich wusste so ziemlich alles, was in den Nachrichtenbulletins von Radio Rumänien gesagt wurde. Hinzu kamen die Nachrichtenbulletins der rumänischen Nachrichtenagentur Agerpres in Rumänisch und Englisch. Der Zuhörer wird sich fragen, inwieweit wir die Nachrichten aus Rumänien für unsere Sendungen verwenden konnten, da es sich um Propagandamaterial handelte. Das war wirklich der Fall, aber die Grundlage der Informationen war auch da: Ceauşescus Arbeitsbesuche oder Auslandsbesuche, die Persönlichkeiten, die er empfangen hatte, seine Reden, alles war da. Unsere tägliche Routinearbeit war, die Informationen aus Rumänien zu ‚entschlacken‘, zwischen den Zeilen zu lesen und die echte Information zu finden, die die echte Dimension der Tatsachen gab.. Wenn zum Beispiel darauf bestanden wurde, dass die Ernte erfolgen sollte, wusste ich, dass noch nicht geerntet worden war, das war nicht sehr schwierig. Oder dass bei der Ernte die Studenten nicht getan hatten, was sie tun mussten, weil die Bauern keine Rolle mehr spielten. Beim Lesen dieser Informationen und auf der Grundlage der Ereignisse in der Nacht machten wir einen Entwurf des Programms. Die Sendung dauerte 30 Minuten lang, sie enthielt etwa 3 Kommentare von jeweils 8 Minuten und die restliche Zeit blieb für andere aktuelle Nachrichten und Informationen, die eingefügt werden konnten.“




    Die Sendung Rumänische Aktualität“ ist ein Meilenstein für die Zuhörer des Senders Radio Freies Europa. Sie war der Triumph der Wahrheit über Ungerechtigkeit und Verlogenheit.

  • Romanian news and current affairs

    Romanian news and current affairs

    Starting in the 1950s, Radio Free Europe together with the Voice of America, the BBC, Radio France and Deutsche Welle were synonymous with the free press in the Romanian language. Especially Radio Free Europe was the most vehement critic of the Communist regime led by Nicolae Ceaușescu. Two top journalists of the time, Noel Bernard, the director of the Romanian Service of Radio Free Europe, and Mircea Carp, who gave a new and more dynamic format to the station’s programs, were the ones who ushered in a more aggressive attitude of Radio Free Europe against the Communist regime.



    Mircea Carp had previously worked for the Voice of America and he adapted Radio Free Europe’s editorial content to fit the American model, with short reports of 4 up to 6 minutes, with more topics and compelling shows that were to become the brand for the entire station. The shows made after the American model were Political Program, aired daily from 6.10 p.m. to 7 p.m. and especially Actualitatea românească – Romanian news and current affairs and From the Communist world, broadcast between 7.10 p.m. and 8 p.m.



    In 1977, journalist Neculai Constantin Munteanu was allowed to immigrate to western Germany after he had shown solidarity with writer Paul Goma’s action of denouncing the human rights violations by the Communist regime in Bucharest. Munteanu had been a film critic at the Cinema movie magazine and he would join the team working for the show Romanian news and current affairs at a certain moment, as he recollected in an interview to the Center of Oral History of the Romanian Radio Broadcasting Corporation in 1999.



    Neculai Constantin Munteanu: “I was in the office of the tenured producer of the show Romanian news and current affairs, Emil Georgescu, who, at the time, was in the US for 2 months, for an English language course. I had been brought there for that very post. I was shown a big table with several piles of Romanian newspapers, almost all the dailies issued in Romania and part of the weekly newspapers. I began reading; I had been reading the daily Scânteia since I was in Frankfurt, of course as long as I could afford it. I was craving to read these press articles and for 3 days I devoured the newspapers, and after another 3 days I wrote a commentary based on what I had read and on the information I had. This happened on 23rd and 24th of May 1980, and I did not stop doing that until the end of 1994, when I left of my own free will.”



    His media experience helped Munteanu in his new job. The success of the show Romanian news and current affairs was due to the entire team, the new comers being well integrated. Neculai Constantin Munteanu has more: “After a trial period of employment of 2 months, the producer of the show Emil Georgescu returned from the US. He was a very good TV journalist, although he had not studied journalism. He had studied law, he was good barrister accustomed to pleading in court, he had also worked as a lawyer, he felt comfortable at the microphone and he knew a lot of things. He also had many connections and knew how things worked especially in relation to the generalized corruption of the Communist system. His greatest skill was that he could say Good night! giving the impression that Communism was also to blame for that, and this was thanks to his experience of working in a radio station, an experience which he had improved at Radio Free Europe. He had a great talent and very good sources of information. I had a good relation with him. He took back his post of anchor, moderator and producer of the show and I was given the position of commentator or reporter. Every day I was supposed to write an article of about 8 minutes, about 4 pages typed on the typewriter. On Fridays, the station had a cultural show presented by Emil Georgescu which was made from Paris.”



    The huge success of the show Romanian news and current affairs consisted in the accuracy of the information presented. Neculai Constantin Munteanu will next tell us some of the secrets of this show: “We started our day, at least those working for the show Romanian news and current affairs, reading everything that had been gathered overnight or in the past 24 hours from the big news agencies. The materials were provided by a central service, and we also had the most important articles from the German, European and American newspapers. For the Romanian news and current affairs show, the main source of information was Radio Bucharest; we knew everything that was presented in the news bulletins. Furthermore, we had the news bulletins of Agerpres, the Romanian news agency, in Romanian and English. One may ask how we could trust materials and information from Romania given that they were propaganda materials. It was propaganda indeed, but that was the starting point: Ceausescu’s visits, the officials he received, their speeches, etc. In the bulk of the daily news, when reading between the lines, you could find enough information about the real situation, actually. For instance, if they insisted on the need to gather the crop, we knew that the crop had not actually been gathered, that was easy to infer from the text of the news. After reading these pieces of information we had to compile a draft newsreel. The show had 30 minutes, so it had about 3 commentaries of 8 minutes, and in the rest of the slot we could insert other pieces of news and info.”



    The Romanian news and current affairs show remained a landmark for the Radio Free Europe listeners of those times. It was actually the victory of truth over injustice and lie.

  • Romanian news and current affairs

    Romanian news and current affairs

    Starting in the 1950s, Radio Free Europe together with the Voice of America, the BBC, Radio France and Deutsche Welle were synonymous with the free press in the Romanian language. Especially Radio Free Europe was the most vehement critic of the Communist regime led by Nicolae Ceaușescu. Two top journalists of the time, Noel Bernard, the director of the Romanian Service of Radio Free Europe, and Mircea Carp, who gave a new and more dynamic format to the station’s programs, were the ones who ushered in a more aggressive attitude of Radio Free Europe against the Communist regime.



    Mircea Carp had previously worked for the Voice of America and he adapted Radio Free Europe’s editorial content to fit the American model, with short reports of 4 up to 6 minutes, with more topics and compelling shows that were to become the brand for the entire station. The shows made after the American model were Political Program, aired daily from 6.10 p.m. to 7 p.m. and especially Actualitatea românească – Romanian news and current affairs and From the Communist world, broadcast between 7.10 p.m. and 8 p.m.



    In 1977, journalist Neculai Constantin Munteanu was allowed to immigrate to western Germany after he had shown solidarity with writer Paul Goma’s action of denouncing the human rights violations by the Communist regime in Bucharest. Munteanu had been a film critic at the Cinema movie magazine and he would join the team working for the show Romanian news and current affairs at a certain moment, as he recollected in an interview to the Center of Oral History of the Romanian Radio Broadcasting Corporation in 1999.



    Neculai Constantin Munteanu: “I was in the office of the tenured producer of the show Romanian news and current affairs, Emil Georgescu, who, at the time, was in the US for 2 months, for an English language course. I had been brought there for that very post. I was shown a big table with several piles of Romanian newspapers, almost all the dailies issued in Romania and part of the weekly newspapers. I began reading; I had been reading the daily Scânteia since I was in Frankfurt, of course as long as I could afford it. I was craving to read these press articles and for 3 days I devoured the newspapers, and after another 3 days I wrote a commentary based on what I had read and on the information I had. This happened on 23rd and 24th of May 1980, and I did not stop doing that until the end of 1994, when I left of my own free will.”



    His media experience helped Munteanu in his new job. The success of the show Romanian news and current affairs was due to the entire team, the new comers being well integrated. Neculai Constantin Munteanu has more: “After a trial period of employment of 2 months, the producer of the show Emil Georgescu returned from the US. He was a very good TV journalist, although he had not studied journalism. He had studied law, he was good barrister accustomed to pleading in court, he had also worked as a lawyer, he felt comfortable at the microphone and he knew a lot of things. He also had many connections and knew how things worked especially in relation to the generalized corruption of the Communist system. His greatest skill was that he could say Good night! giving the impression that Communism was also to blame for that, and this was thanks to his experience of working in a radio station, an experience which he had improved at Radio Free Europe. He had a great talent and very good sources of information. I had a good relation with him. He took back his post of anchor, moderator and producer of the show and I was given the position of commentator or reporter. Every day I was supposed to write an article of about 8 minutes, about 4 pages typed on the typewriter. On Fridays, the station had a cultural show presented by Emil Georgescu which was made from Paris.”



    The huge success of the show Romanian news and current affairs consisted in the accuracy of the information presented. Neculai Constantin Munteanu will next tell us some of the secrets of this show: “We started our day, at least those working for the show Romanian news and current affairs, reading everything that had been gathered overnight or in the past 24 hours from the big news agencies. The materials were provided by a central service, and we also had the most important articles from the German, European and American newspapers. For the Romanian news and current affairs show, the main source of information was Radio Bucharest; we knew everything that was presented in the news bulletins. Furthermore, we had the news bulletins of Agerpres, the Romanian news agency, in Romanian and English. One may ask how we could trust materials and information from Romania given that they were propaganda materials. It was propaganda indeed, but that was the starting point: Ceausescu’s visits, the officials he received, their speeches, etc. In the bulk of the daily news, when reading between the lines, you could find enough information about the real situation, actually. For instance, if they insisted on the need to gather the crop, we knew that the crop had not actually been gathered, that was easy to infer from the text of the news. After reading these pieces of information we had to compile a draft newsreel. The show had 30 minutes, so it had about 3 commentaries of 8 minutes, and in the rest of the slot we could insert other pieces of news and info.”



    The Romanian news and current affairs show remained a landmark for the Radio Free Europe listeners of those times. It was actually the victory of truth over injustice and lie.