Tag: Haralambie

  • Saint Haralambie (Charalampe)

    Saint Haralambie (Charalampe)

    L’histoire note qu’au début
    du 19e siècle, une épidémie de peste a éclaté en Valachie,
    principauté qui couvrait le sud de la Roumanie actuelle. La contamination a été
    arrêtée brusquement par les prières des fidèles à Saint Charalampe. Depuis, les
    villages roumains respectent strictement une série de traditions liées à cette
    fête. En Transylvanie, les paysans offrent des céréales et du sel à Saint
    Charalampe. A l’église du village, les produits étaient bénis pour être
    utilisés ensuite dans la nourriture des animaux domestiques tout au long de
    l’année.






    Le rituel le plus répandu pour
    la Saint Charalmape est la confection d’une chemise de la peste. Le long d’une
    nuit entière, neuf femmes du village, choisies selon des critères qu’uniquement
    les communautés connaissaient, devaient filer la laine, coudre et broder une
    chemise de grandes dimensions, qui devait ensuite être accrochée à un arbre aux
    confins du village, avant le lever du soleil. Souvent, les femmes
    confectionnaient aussi une poupée de la peste, qui devait porter la chemise.






    Dans certains villages
    roumains, les confins étaient établis à la veille de la Saint Charalampe, à
    l’aide d’un chariot tiré par deux bœufs noirs, dans le cadre d’un rituel visant
    à protéger contre l’arrivée des maladies. Ce qui plus est, à l’occasion de cette
    fête traditionnelle, les hommes taillaient des visages humains en bois qu’ils
    installaient ensuite à l’entrée du village. Certains documents historiques
    témoignent de l’existence de ces sculptures au 19e siècle. Ces
    sculptures protectrices étaient aussi munies d’armes telles des épées et des
    arcs aux flèches pour créer un paysage hostile censé effrayer les maladies à
    même de menacer la communauté.






    Explications avec Delia Şuiogan,
    ethnologue à l’Université du Nord de Baia Mare : « J’évoquerais un
    rituel beaucoup plus ancien visant à défendre les communautés contre la peste.
    On dit que ces demi-divinités avaient le pouvoir de retenir la peste dans des
    chaines, l’empêchant d’infecter les gens. On parle aussi d’une période pendant
    laquelle tous les membres d’une communauté refusaient de manger avec le même
    but de se défendre contre la peste ».








    Une légende de Bucovine évoque Saint
    Charalampe en tant que personnage mythologique, qui tient la peste enchaînée dans
    des chaînes fer pour la libérer sur terre uniquement si les humains ne
    respectaient pas sa fête. Sur les icônes orthodoxes, Saint Charalampe est
    illustré de la même manière que Saint Georges, celui qui, sur un cheval blanc,
    tue le dragon, symbole du mal. La peste est illustrée en tant que personnage
    fabuleux avec des ailes, une queue de serpent et portant une armure d’écailles.

  • Forerunners of neurosurgery in Romania

    Forerunners of neurosurgery in Romania

    The
    modernization of Romania’s medical school was made concurrently
    with that of the entire society in the principalities of Wallachia
    and Moldova towards mid 19th
    century. The pioneers of this movement were initially foreign
    doctors, but also Romanians who studied abroad, as was the case of
    doctor Leon Sculy, one of the pioneers of surgery and neurosurgery in
    Iasi, northern Romania and also the founding father of the local
    faculty of medicine, whose first dean was.




    When
    this education institution was officially opened in December 1879,
    Leon Sculy was teaching the anatomy course. Born in Piatra Neamt, in
    1853, the future doctor came from a Greek family as we learn from
    professor Richard Constantinescu, custodian of the Medical History
    Museum with the University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Iasi.




    Richard
    Constantinescu:Leon
    Sculy had another name – Logothetides,
    or Logotheti in short. He had a brother and a sister. Interesting in
    his case is the fact that along the years he had been depicted by
    various acquaintances in opposite ways; he was either a good,
    friendly guy or a tough one. His contemporaries described him as a
    guy with a short fuse, difficult to get along with. In a text
    published by the Iasi medical review, his collaborator doctor Paul
    Anghel described him as ‘a nice middle-sized man with whiskers. He
    was a stout man but with a strange gait pushing one of his shoulders
    forward all of the time. He was smart and waggish.’ That was the
    portrait he got from another fellow surgeon who was also a man of
    letters. Leon Sculy trained as a doctor at the universities of
    Montpelier and Paris. He took his PhD in France then he came back to
    Iasi to become collaborator of professor Ludovic Russ, an Austrian
    considered the founding father of surgery in Moldova. He was one of
    the promoters of Romanian neurosurgery and had many operations on the
    skull cap. He was one of those who introduced hygiene rules and used
    the revolutionary X-rays to diagnose his patients. Leon Sculy had a
    significant contribution to the introduction of several surgical
    techniques in that Romanian province.


    Besides
    his medical activity Leon Sculy also got into politics and he became
    an MP together with his brother, but he was mainly interested in
    charity.




    Richard
    Constantinescu:
    He was a great student supporter, deeply involved in university life.
    I learnt from a paper published between the two world wars that part
    of the Jewish community in Iasi, as a token of appreciation for this
    doctor, planted several olive trees in Palestine in a park named
    after him, Leon Sculy. I found this piece of information only in that
    article and need to do some research to confirm it. He even used to
    help his patients with money.
    In a paper published in Iasi, one of his students who was ill in a
    hospital in Ungheni thanked professor Sculy who came to visit him in
    a carriage. The professor wouldn’t wait for the train and had to
    cross the river in the carriage running the risk of getting drowned
    by the heavy waters. His student was so impressed that he wanted to
    thank his former professor in a newspaper. This practice of helping
    the poor with money was common among the doctors of that time. They
    used to place money under the pillow of their patients so that
    relatives might
    be
    able to buy for them the medicine they couldn’t afford otherwise.


    Although
    people know very little about doctor Leon Sculy, he is still
    appreciated at the Faculty of Medicine in Iasi.


    Richard
    Constantinescu: In
    the Institute of Anatomy with the Medicine University in Iasi, there
    is a bas-relief representing Leon Sculy and at the beginning of a new
    school year, professors are referring to his personality in an
    excursus on the history of this institution. They are mentioning Leon
    Sculy as the first dean, the first professor of anatomy and pioneer
    of thoracic and neurosurgery. His political and charity activities
    are also being mentioned. So we can safely say that his biography
    deserves being revisited. His brother Vasile had a mansion close to
    Iasi, which he donated to the Romanian state in the First World War
    to use it as a hospital for the treatment of typhus.





    Pioneer
    of neurosurgery, promoter of sterilization and antisepsis as well as
    of hygiene as a means of fighting diseases, the
    great philanthropist, doctor
    Leon Sculy was also a passionate
    collector.
    An icon from his collection, featuring
    Saint
    Haralambie, traditionally known as ‘the plague healer’, has
    recently been put up for sale.





    (translated
    by bill)