Tag: Rigas Feraios

  • Rigas Feraios

    Rigas Feraios

    C’est pour la brillance de ses idées humanistes que le XVIIIe siècle a été appelé, à bon escient, le « Siècle des Lumières ». Les intellectuels de l’époque ont interpellé, parfois avec violence, les institutions établies, telles l’Eglise et la monarchie, mais aussi la noblesse et le clergé, sur la question de leurs privilèges. La modernité dont on se targue encore de nos jours était en train de voir le jour.

    Les pays roumains, eux, vivaient à l’époque dans la sphère d’influence de l’Empire ottoman. Les voïvodes régnant sur la Valachie et la Moldavie étaient issus du quartier du Phanar de Constantinople, connu pour ses habitants grecs aisés, survivants de l’ancienne Byzance. Et pour que ces derniers arrivent à monter sur les deux trônes des pays roumains, ces derniers devaient payer le prix fort auprès du Sultan. L’historiographie a longtemps taxé les phanariotes, c’est-à-dire ces voïvodes issus du quartier du Phanar de Constantinople et nommés par le Sultan pour régner sur la Valachie et la Moldavie, comme de hauts fonctionnaires symboles de la corruption qui régnait au sein de l’Empire ottoman. Et, en effet, souvent, une fois montés sur le trône, ils devaient s’enrichir à grande vitesse sur le dos du peuple, ne fut-ce que pour rembourser les dettes contractées afin payer leur haute charge confiée par le Sultan.

    De nos jours cependant, cette version de l’historiographie classique est devenue plus nuancée. Certes, la corruption était endémique et caractérisait sans nul doute le règne des phanariotes dans les deux pays roumains. Mais ce siècle, qui s’étend depuis 1714 à 1821, a vu aussi monter sur le trône des pays roumains nombre de princes éclairés et animés par des idées nouvelles qui se frayaient un chemin en Europe Occidentale. Des princes qui ont promu les principes de l’émancipation de l’individu et de la nation. Et c’est bien cette synthèse fortuite gréco-roumaine qui allait être le ferment des futurs mouvements anti ottomans de libération nationale grecque et roumaine.

    L’une des personnalités les plus connues du mouvement national grec en Valachie a été Rigas Feraios ou Rigas Velestinlis, dont les origines demeurent obscures et sont toujours sujet à débat entre les historiens roumains et grecs.

    Rigas est né en 1757 dans le village de Velestino, un village situé dans la province de Thessalie, dans le nord de la Grèce d’aujourd’hui, un village habité à l’époque par des Aroumains, une population répandue à travers les Balkans et qui parle un dialecte de la langue roumaine. C’est à partir de là que certains historiens roumains vont le revendiquer comme Aroumain, alors que les historiens grecs le contesteront. Ce qui est en revanche certain, c’est que Rigas a été, dans ses écrits et ses prises de position, un pan hellène, un militant de la première heure pour la fondation d’un Etat grec. Maître d’école dans un village situé près de Velestino, il devient célèbre au moment où, suite à une dispute, il arrive à tuer un fonctionnaire ottoman, pour ensuite se réfugier dans les montagnes, rejoignant une bande d’insurgés grecs. Il partira ensuite au Mont Athos, puis à Constantinople, où il devient secrétaire du futur voïvode phanariote de la Valachie Alexandru Ipsilanti, qui n’est par ailleurs pas moins l’un des leaders d’Eteria, l’organisation nationaliste grecque qui militait pour la libération de la Grèce du joug ottoman. Enfin, en 1775, le jeune Rigas descend à Bucarest avec le prince Ipsilanti, devenu voïvode de la Valachie. Il y restera longtemps, étant encore au service du successeur d’Ipsilanti au trône valaque, Nicolae Mavrogheni.

    L’historienne Georgeta Penelea-Filitti croit savoir que c’est à Bucarest que Rigas se radicalise, après être entré en contact avec les idées de la Révolution française : « Ce personnage fascinant qu’est Rigas, qui remplit tantôt les fonctions de secrétaire de la Chancellerie, tantôt de chargé d’affaires des boyards, tantôt de secrétaire du voïvode, qui écrit, travaille, qui est présent partout, il faut dire que c’est lui qui rédige, ni plus ni moins qu’une Constitution. Une Constitution élaborée pour tous les peuples des Balkans, sans préciser le rôle de chacun, mais l’objectif central demeure la libération du joug ottoman. Rigas a eu une fin tragique : il fut arrêté et remis par les Autrichiens au pacha de Belgrade et étranglé dans la forteresse de Kalemegdan en 1798 ».

    Pendant son séjour à Bucarest, Rigas a également été traducteur auprès du Consulat de la France révolutionnaire. Sous l’emprise des valeurs portées par la Révolution française, il rédigera « Thourios », sorte de Marseillaise grecque, chant mobilisateur aux accents patriotiques, qui sera popularisée par lord Byron. Arrivé à Vienne dans les années 1790, il concentra ses efforts pour constituer un groupe de pression censé influer les décisions de Napoléon pour faire libérer les Grecs de l’Empire ottoman. Là, il a publié nombre de pamphlets républicains et une carte reprenant les territoires habités par les Grecs à l’époque. Enfin, il adressa un Appel à tous les chrétiens de l’Europe de Sud-est, et notamment aux Grecs et aux Roumains, pour former une alliance pan balkanique et se soulever contre la domination ottomane. Rigas a été considéré comme un républicain radical et un véritable adepte du libéralisme. C’est toujours à Vienne qu’il fera paraître « La Nouvelle carte de la Valachie et d’une partie de la Transylvanie », mais aussi « La Carte générale de la Moldavie ». Son dessein, évident, était d’apporter à la conscience du public le caractère de terre conquise des territoires englobés dans la partie européenne de l’Empire ottoman. De ces cartes, un seul exemplaire a subsisté jusqu’à nos jours, et il se trouve à Athènes, au Musée national d’histoire de la Grèce. Il s’agit de la carte de la Valachie.

    La vie de Rigas finit de manière violente en 1798, alors qu’il n’avait que 41 ans. A Vienne, il essaya d’entrer en contact avec l’Armée de la France révolutionnaire, ennemie jurée de l’Autriche, et qui se trouvait en Italie. Alliés des Turcs, les Autrichiens vont arrêter Rigas et ses compagnons de combat et d’infortune et vont les remettre au Pacha de Belgrade. Ce dernier les fera exécuter. La postérité n’a en revanche pas oublié Rigas, figure particulièrement lumineuse du mouvement national grec, et qui a passé une bonne partie de sa vie à Bucarest. (Trad. Ionut Jugureanu)

  • Rigas Feraios

    Rigas Feraios

    18th Century intellectuals criticized institutions such as the monarchy and the Church and social classes such as noblemen and the clergy due to the privileges they enjoyed. The 18th Century gave rise to modernist ideas that are still very much disseminated to this day.



    The Romanian Principalities at the time were under the Ottoman sphere of influence. In Bucharest and Iasi, the capitals of the two Romanian Principalities, the rulers were appointed from the Phanar district of Constantinople, inhabited mainly by rich Greeks who more often than not bought their way up the social ladder. The Phanariotes had long been considered corrupt officials of the Ottoman Empire who sought riches while the people starved.



    The Phanariote regime was indeed corrupt, yet to a point. Considering the specific timeline and the local context, in over a century of Phanariote rule, from 1714 to 1821, there had been corrupt rulers, but also enlightened rulers who promoted liberalism and nationhood. The Greek-Romanian mix at the helm of the Romanian Principalities led to the rise of national liberation movements. One of the champions of the Greek liberation movement in the province of Wallachia was Rigas Feraios, also known as Rigas Velestinlis, whose ethnic origin remains a bone of contention between Greece and Romania.



    Rigas was born in 1757 in Velestino, a village inhabited by Aromanians in the northern part of Thessaly in present-day Greece. Some Romanian historians say he was an Aromanian, while Greek historians say there are no historical documents to support the claim. What is certain is that Rigas was an iconic advocate of Hellenism and supporter of the Greek modern state. For many he is remembered as a hero. He taught in a village close to his birthplace.



    Following a conflict with an Ottoman official, Rigas murdered him and took refuge in the uplands, joining a band of Greek insurgents. Later he became part of the community on Mount Athos and eventually travelled to Constantinople, where he became the secretary of the Phanariote ruler Alexander Ypsilantis, one of the leaders of the Filiki Eteria, a secret national organization. In 1775 the young Rigas arrived in Bucharest as Ypsilantis was appointed ruler of Wallachia. He remained in the service of his successor, Nicholas Mavrogenes.



    Historian Georgeta Penelea-Filiti refers to Rigas as a public agitator who, upon arriving in Bucharest and coming into contact with the ideas of the French revolution, underwent radicalization: “This Rigas is a very interesting character. Some sources depict him as a teacher, others as an estate administrator for various noblemen. He was a princely secretary. He wrote extensively and struggled to write a Constitution. His version was enforced for all the peoples of the Balkans, without making any mention as to what role each should serve. The focal point was liberation from the Ottoman rule. He ended tragically — the Austrian authorities handed him over to the Ottoman governor of Belgrade, who had him tortured and strangled to death in Kalemegdan Fortress in 1798”.



    During his stay in Bucharest, Rigas worked as a dragoman for the French Consular office in Wallachia. Exposed to the revolutionary current, he wrote “Thourios”, commonly considered to be a Greek version of the Marseillaise, a liberation song later made famous by Lord Byron. During his stay in Vienna in the 1790s, he lobbied the Greek liberation cause with the upcoming Emperor Napoleon. He published numerous republican pamphlets as well as a map of regions inhabited by Greeks. Rigas Feraios’ contribution to the emancipation of Southeastern Europe was his appeal to Romanians and Greeks to set up a pan-Balkan alliance against the Ottoman Empire. He urged all Christians in general to make their stand against the Ottoman tyranny.



    Scholars who’re familiar with Rigas Feraios’ works consider him a radical republican, an adept of Liberalism. While in Vienna, in 1797, he published “The New Map of Wallachia and part of Transylvania” as well as “The General Map of Moldavia”, along with the aforementioned map of Greece. His intention spoke for itself: he wanted the readers to acknowledge that these were conquered territories illegitimately held by the Ottoman Empire. The only remaining copies of the Romanian Principalities are at the Library in Chios, in the case of Wallachia, and the National Greek History Museum in Athens, in the case of the map of Moldavia.



    Rigas life ended violently in 1798, when he was 41 years old. While in Vienna he tried to contact the French revolutionary army, Austria’s archenemy, who were deployed in Italy. An ally of the Ottoman Empire, Austria handed Rigas and his accomplices over to the Belgrade authorities who carried out his death sentence. His legacy commends him as a pioneer of the Greek War of Independence who also spent a good part of his life in Bucharest. (Edited by D. Vijeu)

  • Rigas Feraios

    Rigas Feraios

    18th Century intellectuals criticized institutions such as the monarchy and the Church and social classes such as noblemen and the clergy due to the privileges they enjoyed. The 18th Century gave rise to modernist ideas that are still very much disseminated to this day.



    The Romanian Principalities at the time were under the Ottoman sphere of influence. In Bucharest and Iasi, the capitals of the two Romanian Principalities, the rulers were appointed from the Phanar district of Constantinople, inhabited mainly by rich Greeks who more often than not bought their way up the social ladder. The Phanariotes had long been considered corrupt officials of the Ottoman Empire who sought riches while the people starved.



    The Phanariote regime was indeed corrupt, yet to a point. Considering the specific timeline and the local context, in over a century of Phanariote rule, from 1714 to 1821, there had been corrupt rulers, but also enlightened rulers who promoted liberalism and nationhood. The Greek-Romanian mix at the helm of the Romanian Principalities led to the rise of national liberation movements. One of the champions of the Greek liberation movement in the province of Wallachia was Rigas Feraios, also known as Rigas Velestinlis, whose ethnic origin remains a bone of contention between Greece and Romania.



    Rigas was born in 1757 in Velestino, a village inhabited by Aromanians in the northern part of Thessaly in present-day Greece. Some Romanian historians say he was an Aromanian, while Greek historians say there are no historical documents to support the claim. What is certain is that Rigas was an iconic advocate of Hellenism and supporter of the Greek modern state. For many he is remembered as a hero. He taught in a village close to his birthplace.



    Following a conflict with an Ottoman official, Rigas murdered him and took refuge in the uplands, joining a band of Greek insurgents. Later he became part of the community on Mount Athos and eventually travelled to Constantinople, where he became the secretary of the Phanariote ruler Alexander Ypsilantis, one of the leaders of the Filiki Eteria, a secret national organization. In 1775 the young Rigas arrived in Bucharest as Ypsilantis was appointed ruler of Wallachia. He remained in the service of his successor, Nicholas Mavrogenes.



    Historian Georgeta Penelea-Filiti refers to Rigas as a public agitator who, upon arriving in Bucharest and coming into contact with the ideas of the French revolution, underwent radicalization: “This Rigas is a very interesting character. Some sources depict him as a teacher, others as an estate administrator for various noblemen. He was a princely secretary. He wrote extensively and struggled to write a Constitution. His version was enforced for all the peoples of the Balkans, without making any mention as to what role each should serve. The focal point was liberation from the Ottoman rule. He ended tragically — the Austrian authorities handed him over to the Ottoman governor of Belgrade, who had him tortured and strangled to death in Kalemegdan Fortress in 1798”.



    During his stay in Bucharest, Rigas worked as a dragoman for the French Consular office in Wallachia. Exposed to the revolutionary current, he wrote “Thourios”, commonly considered to be a Greek version of the Marseillaise, a liberation song later made famous by Lord Byron. During his stay in Vienna in the 1790s, he lobbied the Greek liberation cause with the upcoming Emperor Napoleon. He published numerous republican pamphlets as well as a map of regions inhabited by Greeks. Rigas Feraios’ contribution to the emancipation of Southeastern Europe was his appeal to Romanians and Greeks to set up a pan-Balkan alliance against the Ottoman Empire. He urged all Christians in general to make their stand against the Ottoman tyranny.



    Scholars who’re familiar with Rigas Feraios’ works consider him a radical republican, an adept of Liberalism. While in Vienna, in 1797, he published “The New Map of Wallachia and part of Transylvania” as well as “The General Map of Moldavia”, along with the aforementioned map of Greece. His intention spoke for itself: he wanted the readers to acknowledge that these were conquered territories illegitimately held by the Ottoman Empire. The only remaining copies of the Romanian Principalities are at the Library in Chios, in the case of Wallachia, and the National Greek History Museum in Athens, in the case of the map of Moldavia.



    Rigas life ended violently in 1798, when he was 41 years old. While in Vienna he tried to contact the French revolutionary army, Austria’s archenemy, who were deployed in Italy. An ally of the Ottoman Empire, Austria handed Rigas and his accomplices over to the Belgrade authorities who carried out his death sentence. His legacy commends him as a pioneer of the Greek War of Independence who also spent a good part of his life in Bucharest. (Edited by D. Vijeu)